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Fredrikke Marie Qvam
Fredrikke Marie Qvam (31 May 184310 September 1938) was a Norwegian humanitarian leader, feminist and the wife of Prime Minister Ole Anton Qvam. She was the founder (1896) of the Norwegian Women's Public Health Association that grew to become Norway's largest women's organisation with 250,000 members, and its President until 1933. She also served as President of the Norwegian Association for Women's Rights from 1899 to 1903. She was an influential political lobbyist, and was described in the journal ''Samtiden'' in 1915 as the "Queen of the corridors."
== Early life and marriage ==
Qvam was born Fredrikke Marie Gram in Trondheim to merchant David Andreas Gram and Louise Augusta Gram (''née'' Bing). In 1849, the family moved to the manor Helge-By-Rein in Steinkjer.〔 There she spent much time outdoors in sports like skiing, skating, and riding. Her parents were liberal for the time, and her mother in particular wanted her daughters to be educated and trained in sports.〔(Fredrikke Marie Qvam ) Sanitetskvinnene, retrieved 16 May 2013〕 The family was socially well connected and culturally involved and among their guests were Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, Ole Bull, Aasmund Olavsson Vinje and Peter Chr. Asbjørnsen.〔Trine Krigsvoll Haagensen and Elisabeth Lønnå: (Fredrikke Qvam ) ''Store norske leksikon'', retrieved 11 May 2013〕
Fredrikke Marie Gran met her husband, Ole Anton Qvam, in 1857 when he was tutoring her. He was born in 1831 to a family of farmers in Molde, had taken examen artium and worked as a teacher in private home. They became secretly engaged in 1858 and married in 1865 after Ole Anton Qvam had finished law studies in Kristiania in 1862.〔Anders Kirkhusmo: (Anton Qvam ) ''Norsk biografisk leksikon'', retrieved 16 May 2013〕 In 1873, the couple bought the Gjævran farm and moved there.〔Kari Melby: (Fredrikke Qvam ) ''Norsk biografisk leksikon'', retrieved 11 May 2013〕 They had five children, of which two died in childhood and two while they were young. Three of the children died of tubercolosis, in 1878, 1889, and 1893 respectively.〔(Portrett av David Andreas Gram Qvam ) Arkivportalen.no, retrieved 16 May 2013〕 She later stated that the sorrow she felt when experiencing her children die of ill health was one of the things that motivated her to found the Norwegian Women's Public Health Association.〔
Ole Anton Qvam established a law practice in Steinkjer and was also involved in local business and politics for the Liberal Party. He was elected to the Parliament of Norway for the first time in 1874.〔 As he was often away, a lot of the responsibilities for running the farm thus fell on Fredrikke Marie Qvam.〔 Being highly interested in politics and public affaires she often felt that her life at the farm was quite unsatisfactory; in a letter to her husband she wrote that she felt her life was wasted.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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